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The String class represents character strings. All
string literals in Java programs, such as "abc", are
implemented as instances of this class.
Strings are constant; their values cannot be changed after they
are created. String buffers support mutable strings.
Because String objects are immutable they can be shared. For example:
Here are some more examples of how strings can be used:
System.out.println("abc");
String cde = "cde";
System.out.println("abc" + cde);
String c = "abc".substring(2,3);
String d = cde.substring(1, 2);
The class String includes methods for examining
individual characters of the sequence, for comparing strings, for
searching strings, for extracting substrings, and for creating a
copy of a string with all characters translated to uppercase or to
lowercase. Case mapping relies heavily on the information provided
by the Unicode Consortium's Unicode 3.0 specification. The
specification's UnicodeData.txt and SpecialCasing.txt files are
used extensively to provide case mapping.
The Java language provides special support for the string
concatenation operator ( + ), and for conversion of
other objects to strings. String concatenation is implemented
through the StringBuffer class and its
append method.
String conversions are implemented through the method
toString, defined by Object and
inherited by all classes in Java. For additional information on
string concatenation and conversion, see Gosling, Joy, and Steele,
The Java Language Specification.
CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER
A Comparator that orders String objects as by
compareToIgnoreCase.
Constructor Summary
String()
Initializes a newly created String object so that it
represents an empty character sequence.
String(byte[] bytes)
Constructs a new String by decoding the specified array of
bytes using the platform's default charset.
String(byte[] ascii,
int hibyte) Deprecated.This method does not properly convert bytes into characters.
As of JDK 1.1, the preferred way to do this is via the
String constructors that take a charset name or
that use the platform's default charset.
String(byte[] bytes,
int offset,
int length)
Constructs a new String by decoding the specified subarray of
bytes using the platform's default charset.
String(byte[] ascii,
int hibyte,
int offset,
int count) Deprecated.This method does not properly convert bytes into characters.
As of JDK 1.1, the preferred way to do this is via the
String constructors that take a charset name or that use
the platform's default charset.
String(byte[] bytes,
int offset,
int length,
String charsetName)
Constructs a new String by decoding the specified subarray of
bytes using the specified charset.
String(byte[] bytes,
String charsetName)
Constructs a new String by decoding the specified array of
bytes using the specified charset.
String(char[] value)
Allocates a new String so that it represents the
sequence of characters currently contained in the character array
argument.
String(char[] value,
int offset,
int count)
Allocates a new String that contains characters from
a subarray of the character array argument.
String(String original)
Initializes a newly created String object so that it
represents the same sequence of characters as the argument; in other
words, the newly created string is a copy of the argument string.
String(StringBuffer buffer)
Allocates a new string that contains the sequence of characters
currently contained in the string buffer argument.
Method Summary
char
charAt(int index)
Returns the character at the specified index.
copyValueOf(char[] data,
int offset,
int count)
Returns a String that represents the character sequence in the
array specified.
boolean
endsWith(String suffix)
Tests if this string ends with the specified suffix.
boolean
equals(Object anObject)
Compares this string to the specified object.
boolean
equalsIgnoreCase(String anotherString)
Compares this String to another String,
ignoring case considerations.
byte[]
getBytes()
Encodes this String into a sequence of bytes using the
platform's default charset, storing the result into a new byte array.
void
getBytes(int srcBegin,
int srcEnd,
byte[] dst,
int dstBegin) Deprecated.This method does not properly convert characters into bytes.
As of JDK 1.1, the preferred way to do this is via the
the getBytes() method, which uses the platform's default
charset.
byte[]
getBytes(String charsetName)
Encodes this String into a sequence of bytes using the
named charset, storing the result into a new byte array.
void
getChars(int srcBegin,
int srcEnd,
char[] dst,
int dstBegin)
Copies characters from this string into the destination character
array.
indexOf(int ch)
Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
specified character.
int
indexOf(int ch,
int fromIndex)
Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
specified character, starting the search at the specified index.
int
indexOf(String str)
Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
specified substring.
int
indexOf(String str,
int fromIndex)
Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
specified substring, starting at the specified index.
intern()
Returns a canonical representation for the string object.
int
lastIndexOf(int ch)
Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the
specified character.
int
lastIndexOf(int ch,
int fromIndex)
Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the
specified character, searching backward starting at the specified
index.
int
lastIndexOf(String str)
Returns the index within this string of the rightmost occurrence
of the specified substring.
int
lastIndexOf(String str,
int fromIndex)
Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the
specified substring, searching backward starting at the specified index.
public static final ComparatorCASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER
A Comparator that orders String objects as by
compareToIgnoreCase. This comparator is serializable.
Note that this Comparator does not take locale into account,
and will result in an unsatisfactory ordering for certain locales.
The java.text package provides Collators to allow
locale-sensitive ordering.
Initializes a newly created String object so that it
represents an empty character sequence. Note that use of this
constructor is unnecessary since Strings are immutable.
Initializes a newly created String object so that it
represents the same sequence of characters as the argument; in other
words, the newly created string is a copy of the argument string. Unless
an explicit copy of original is needed, use of this
constructor is unnecessary since Strings are immutable.
Allocates a new String so that it represents the
sequence of characters currently contained in the character array
argument. The contents of the character array are copied; subsequent
modification of the character array does not affect the newly created
string.
public String(char[] value,
int offset,
int count)
Allocates a new String that contains characters from
a subarray of the character array argument. The offset
argument is the index of the first character of the subarray and
the count argument specifies the length of the
subarray. The contents of the subarray are copied; subsequent
modification of the character array does not affect the newly
created string.
Parameters:
value - array that is the source of characters.
offset - the initial offset.
count - the length.
Throws:
IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the offset
and count arguments index characters outside
the bounds of the value array.
public String(byte[] ascii,
int hibyte,
int offset,
int count)
Deprecated.This method does not properly convert bytes into characters.
As of JDK 1.1, the preferred way to do this is via the
String constructors that take a charset name or that use
the platform's default charset.
Allocates a new String constructed from a subarray
of an array of 8-bit integer values.
The offset argument is the index of the first byte
of the subarray, and the count argument specifies the
length of the subarray.
Each byte in the subarray is converted to a
char as specified in the method above.
Parameters:
ascii - the bytes to be converted to characters.
hibyte - the top 8 bits of each 16-bit Unicode character.
Deprecated.This method does not properly convert bytes into characters.
As of JDK 1.1, the preferred way to do this is via the
String constructors that take a charset name or
that use the platform's default charset.
Allocates a new String containing characters
constructed from an array of 8-bit integer values. Each character
cin the resulting string is constructed from the
corresponding component b in the byte array such that:
c == (char)(((hibyte & 0xff) << 8)
| (b & 0xff))
Parameters:
ascii - the bytes to be converted to characters.
hibyte - the top 8 bits of each 16-bit Unicode character.
Constructs a new String by decoding the specified subarray of
bytes using the specified charset. The length of the new
String is a function of the charset, and hence may not be equal
to the length of the subarray.
The behavior of this constructor when the given bytes are not valid
in the given charset is unspecified. The CharsetDecoder class should be used when more control
over the decoding process is required.
Constructs a new String by decoding the specified array of
bytes using the specified charset. The length of the new
String is a function of the charset, and hence may not be equal
to the length of the byte array.
The behavior of this constructor when the given bytes are not valid
in the given charset is unspecified. The CharsetDecoder class should be used when more control
over the decoding process is required.
public String(byte[] bytes,
int offset,
int length)
Constructs a new String by decoding the specified subarray of
bytes using the platform's default charset. The length of the new
String is a function of the charset, and hence may not be equal
to the length of the subarray.
The behavior of this constructor when the given bytes are not valid
in the default charset is unspecified. The CharsetDecoder class should be used when more control
over the decoding process is required.
Parameters:
bytes - the bytes to be decoded into characters
offset - the index of the first byte to decode
length - the number of bytes to decode
Throws:
IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the offset and the length
arguments index characters outside the bounds of the
bytes array
Constructs a new String by decoding the specified array of
bytes using the platform's default charset. The length of the new
String is a function of the charset, and hence may not be equal
to the length of the byte array.
The behavior of this constructor when the given bytes are not valid
in the default charset is unspecified. The CharsetDecoder class should be used when more control
over the decoding process is required.
Allocates a new string that contains the sequence of characters
currently contained in the string buffer argument. The contents of
the string buffer are copied; subsequent modification of the string
buffer does not affect the newly created string.
the length of the sequence of characters represented by this
object.
charAt
public char charAt(int index)
Returns the character at the specified index. An index ranges
from 0 to length() - 1. The first character
of the sequence is at index 0, the next at index
1, and so on, as for array indexing.
the character at the specified index of this string.
The first character is at index 0.
Throws:
IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the index
argument is negative or not less than the length of this
string.
getChars
public void getChars(int srcBegin,
int srcEnd,
char[] dst,
int dstBegin)
Copies characters from this string into the destination character
array.
The first character to be copied is at index srcBegin;
the last character to be copied is at index srcEnd-1
(thus the total number of characters to be copied is
srcEnd-srcBegin). The characters are copied into the
subarray of dst starting at index dstBegin
and ending at index:
dstbegin + (srcEnd-srcBegin) - 1
Parameters:
srcBegin - index of the first character in the string
to copy.
srcEnd - index after the last character in the string
to copy.
dst - the destination array.
dstBegin - the start offset in the destination array.
public void getBytes(int srcBegin,
int srcEnd,
byte[] dst,
int dstBegin)
Deprecated.This method does not properly convert characters into bytes.
As of JDK 1.1, the preferred way to do this is via the
the getBytes() method, which uses the platform's default
charset.
Copies characters from this string into the destination byte
array. Each byte receives the 8 low-order bits of the
corresponding character. The eight high-order bits of each character
are not copied and do not participate in the transfer in any way.
The first character to be copied is at index srcBegin;
the last character to be copied is at index srcEnd-1.
The total number of characters to be copied is
srcEnd-srcBegin. The characters, converted to bytes,
are copied into the subarray of dst starting at index
dstBegin and ending at index:
dstbegin + (srcEnd-srcBegin) - 1
Parameters:
srcBegin - index of the first character in the string
to copy.
srcEnd - index after the last character in the string
to copy.
dst - the destination array.
dstBegin - the start offset in the destination array.
Encodes this String into a sequence of bytes using the
named charset, storing the result into a new byte array.
The behavior of this method when this string cannot be encoded in
the given charset is unspecified. The CharsetEncoder class should be used when more control
over the encoding process is required.
Encodes this String into a sequence of bytes using the
platform's default charset, storing the result into a new byte array.
The behavior of this method when this string cannot be encoded in
the default charset is unspecified. The CharsetEncoder class should be used when more control
over the encoding process is required.
Compares this string to the specified object.
The result is true if and only if the argument is not
null and is a String object that represents
the same sequence of characters as this object.
public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String anotherString)
Compares this String to another String,
ignoring case considerations. Two strings are considered equal
ignoring case if they are of the same length, and corresponding
characters in the two strings are equal ignoring case.
Two characters c1 and c2 are considered
the same, ignoring case if at least one of the following is true:
The two characters are the same (as compared by the
== operator).
Compares two strings lexicographically.
The comparison is based on the Unicode value of each character in
the strings. The character sequence represented by this
String object is compared lexicographically to the
character sequence represented by the argument string. The result is
a negative integer if this String object
lexicographically precedes the argument string. The result is a
positive integer if this String object lexicographically
follows the argument string. The result is zero if the strings
are equal; compareTo returns 0 exactly when
the equals(Object) method would return true.
This is the definition of lexicographic ordering. If two strings are
different, then either they have different characters at some index
that is a valid index for both strings, or their lengths are different,
or both. If they have different characters at one or more index
positions, let k be the smallest such index; then the string
whose character at position k has the smaller value, as
determined by using the < operator, lexicographically precedes the
other string. In this case, compareTo returns the
difference of the two character values at position k in
the two string -- that is, the value:
this.charAt(k)-anotherString.charAt(k)
If there is no index position at which they differ, then the shorter
string lexicographically precedes the longer string. In this case,
compareTo returns the difference of the lengths of the
strings -- that is, the value:
this.length()-anotherString.length()
Parameters:
anotherString - the String to be compared.
Returns:
the value 0 if the argument string is equal to
this string; a value less than 0 if this string
is lexicographically less than the string argument; and a
value greater than 0 if this string is
lexicographically greater than the string argument.
Compares this String to another Object. If the Object is a String,
this function behaves like compareTo(String). Otherwise,
it throws a ClassCastException (as Strings are comparable
only to other Strings).
the value 0 if the argument is a string
lexicographically equal to this string; a value less than
0 if the argument is a string lexicographically
greater than this string; and a value greater than
0 if the argument is a string lexicographically
less than this string.
Throws:
ClassCastException - if the argument is not a
String.
Compares two strings lexicographically, ignoring case
differences. This method returns an integer whose sign is that of
calling compareTo with normalized versions of the strings
where case differences have been eliminated by calling
Character.toLowerCase(Character.toUpperCase(character)) on
each character.
Note that this method does not take locale into account,
and will result in an unsatisfactory ordering for certain locales.
The java.text package provides collators to allow
locale-sensitive ordering.
Parameters:
str - the String to be compared.
Returns:
a negative integer, zero, or a positive integer as the
the specified String is greater than, equal to, or less
than this String, ignoring case considerations.
public boolean regionMatches(int toffset,
String other,
int ooffset,
int len)
Tests if two string regions are equal.
A substring of this String object is compared to a substring
of the argument other. The result is true if these substrings
represent identical character sequences. The substring of this
String object to be compared begins at index toffset
and has length len. The substring of other to be compared
begins at index ooffset and has length len. The
result is false if and only if at least one of the following
is true:
toffset is negative.
ooffset is negative.
toffset+len is greater than the length of this
String object.
ooffset+len is greater than the length of the other
argument.
There is some nonnegative integer k less than len
such that:
this.charAt(toffset+k) != other.charAt(ooffset+k)
Parameters:
toffset - the starting offset of the subregion in this string.
other - the string argument.
ooffset - the starting offset of the subregion in the string
argument.
len - the number of characters to compare.
Returns:
true if the specified subregion of this string
exactly matches the specified subregion of the string argument;
false otherwise.
public boolean regionMatches(boolean ignoreCase,
int toffset,
String other,
int ooffset,
int len)
Tests if two string regions are equal.
A substring of this String object is compared to a substring
of the argument other. The result is true if these
substrings represent character sequences that are the same, ignoring
case if and only if ignoreCase is true. The substring of
this String object to be compared begins at index
toffset and has length len. The substring of
other to be compared begins at index ooffset and
has length len. The result is false if and only if
at least one of the following is true:
toffset is negative.
ooffset is negative.
toffset+len is greater than the length of this
String object.
ooffset+len is greater than the length of the other
argument.
There is some nonnegative integer k less than len
such that:
this.charAt(toffset+k) != other.charAt(ooffset+k)
ignoreCase is true and there is some nonnegative
integer k less than len such that:
ignoreCase - if true, ignore case when comparing
characters.
toffset - the starting offset of the subregion in this
string.
other - the string argument.
ooffset - the starting offset of the subregion in the string
argument.
len - the number of characters to compare.
Returns:
true if the specified subregion of this string
matches the specified subregion of the string argument;
false otherwise. Whether the matching is exact
or case insensitive depends on the ignoreCase
argument.
startsWith
public boolean startsWith(String prefix,
int toffset)
Tests if this string starts with the specified prefix beginning
a specified index.
Parameters:
prefix - the prefix.
toffset - where to begin looking in the string.
Returns:
true if the character sequence represented by the
argument is a prefix of the substring of this object starting
at index toffset; false otherwise.
The result is false if toffset is
negative or greater than the length of this
String object; otherwise the result is the same
as the result of the expression
Tests if this string starts with the specified prefix.
Parameters:
prefix - the prefix.
Returns:
true if the character sequence represented by the
argument is a prefix of the character sequence represented by
this string; false otherwise.
Note also that true will be returned if the
argument is an empty string or is equal to this
String object as determined by the
equals(Object) method.
Tests if this string ends with the specified suffix.
Parameters:
suffix - the suffix.
Returns:
true if the character sequence represented by the
argument is a suffix of the character sequence represented by
this object; false otherwise. Note that the
result will be true if the argument is the
empty string or is equal to this String object
as determined by the equals(Object) method.
Returns a hash code for this string. The hash code for a
String object is computed as
s[0]*31^(n-1) + s[1]*31^(n-2) + ... + s[n-1]
using int arithmetic, where s[i] is the
ith character of the string, n is the length of
the string, and ^ indicates exponentiation.
(The hash value of the empty string is zero.)
Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
specified character. If a character with value ch occurs
in the character sequence represented by this String
object, then the index of the first such occurrence is returned --
that is, the smallest value k such that:
this.charAt(k) == ch
is true. If no such character occurs in this string,
then -1 is returned.
Parameters:
ch - a character.
Returns:
the index of the first occurrence of the character in the
character sequence represented by this object, or
-1 if the character does not occur.
indexOf
public int indexOf(int ch,
int fromIndex)
Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
specified character, starting the search at the specified index.
If a character with value ch occurs in the character
sequence represented by this String object at an index
no smaller than fromIndex, then the index of the first
such occurrence is returned--that is, the smallest value k
such that:
(this.charAt(k) == ch) && (k >= fromIndex)
is true. If no such character occurs in this string at or after
position fromIndex, then -1 is returned.
There is no restriction on the value of fromIndex. If it
is negative, it has the same effect as if it were zero: this entire
string may be searched. If it is greater than the length of this
string, it has the same effect as if it were equal to the length of
this string: -1 is returned.
Parameters:
ch - a character.
fromIndex - the index to start the search from.
Returns:
the index of the first occurrence of the character in the
character sequence represented by this object that is greater
than or equal to fromIndex, or -1
if the character does not occur.
lastIndexOf
public int lastIndexOf(int ch)
Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the
specified character. That is, the index returned is the largest
value k such that:
this.charAt(k) == ch
is true.
The String is searched backwards starting at the last character.
Parameters:
ch - a character.
Returns:
the index of the last occurrence of the character in the
character sequence represented by this object, or
-1 if the character does not occur.
lastIndexOf
public int lastIndexOf(int ch,
int fromIndex)
Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the
specified character, searching backward starting at the specified
index. That is, the index returned is the largest value k
such that:
this.charAt(k) == ch) && (k <= fromIndex)
is true.
Parameters:
ch - a character.
fromIndex - the index to start the search from. There is no
restriction on the value of fromIndex. If it is
greater than or equal to the length of this string, it has
the same effect as if it were equal to one less than the
length of this string: this entire string may be searched.
If it is negative, it has the same effect as if it were -1:
-1 is returned.
Returns:
the index of the last occurrence of the character in the
character sequence represented by this object that is less
than or equal to fromIndex, or -1
if the character does not occur before that point.
Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
specified substring. The integer returned is the smallest value
k such that:
this.startsWith(str, k)
is true.
Parameters:
str - any string.
Returns:
if the string argument occurs as a substring within this
object, then the index of the first character of the first
such substring is returned; if it does not occur as a
substring, -1 is returned.
Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
specified substring, starting at the specified index. The integer
returned is the smallest value k for which:
k >= Math.min(fromIndex, str.length()) && this.startsWith(str, k)
If no such value of k exists, then -1 is returned.
Parameters:
str - the substring for which to search.
fromIndex - the index from which to start the search.
Returns:
the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
specified substring, starting at the specified index.
Returns the index within this string of the rightmost occurrence
of the specified substring. The rightmost empty string "" is
considered to occur at the index value this.length().
The returned index is the largest value k such that
this.startsWith(str, k)
is true.
Parameters:
str - the substring to search for.
Returns:
if the string argument occurs one or more times as a substring
within this object, then the index of the first character of
the last such substring is returned. If it does not occur as
a substring, -1 is returned.
Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the
specified substring, searching backward starting at the specified index.
The integer returned is the largest value k such that:
k <= Math.min(fromIndex, str.length()) && this.startsWith(str, k)
If no such value of k exists, then -1 is returned.
Parameters:
str - the substring to search for.
fromIndex - the index to start the search from.
Returns:
the index within this string of the last occurrence of the
specified substring.
Returns a new string that is a substring of this string. The
substring begins with the character at the specified index and
extends to the end of this string.
IndexOutOfBoundsException - if
beginIndex is negative or larger than the
length of this String object.
substring
public Stringsubstring(int beginIndex,
int endIndex)
Returns a new string that is a substring of this string. The
substring begins at the specified beginIndex and
extends to the character at index endIndex - 1.
Thus the length of the substring is endIndex-beginIndex.
IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the
beginIndex is negative, or
endIndex is larger than the length of
this String object, or
beginIndex is larger than
endIndex.
subSequence
public CharSequencesubSequence(int beginIndex,
int endIndex)
Returns a new character sequence that is a subsequence of this sequence.
An invocation of this method of the form
str.subSequence(begin, end)
behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
str.substring(begin, end)
This method is defined so that the String class can implement
the CharSequence interface.
Concatenates the specified string to the end of this string.
If the length of the argument string is 0, then this
String object is returned. Otherwise, a new
String object is created, representing a character
sequence that is the concatenation of the character sequence
represented by this String object and the character
sequence represented by the argument string.
Returns a new string resulting from replacing all occurrences of
oldChar in this string with newChar.
If the character oldChar does not occur in the
character sequence represented by this String object,
then a reference to this String object is returned.
Otherwise, a new String object is created that
represents a character sequence identical to the character sequence
represented by this String object, except that every
occurrence of oldChar is replaced by an occurrence
of newChar.
Examples:
"mesquite in your cellar".replace('e', 'o')
returns "mosquito in your collar"
"the war of baronets".replace('r', 'y')
returns "the way of bayonets"
"sparring with a purple porpoise".replace('p', 't')
returns "starring with a turtle tortoise"
"JonL".replace('q', 'x') returns "JonL" (no change)
Parameters:
oldChar - the old character.
newChar - the new character.
Returns:
a string derived from this string by replacing every
occurrence of oldChar with newChar.
The array returned by this method contains each substring of this
string that is terminated by another substring that matches the given
expression or is terminated by the end of the string. The substrings in
the array are in the order in which they occur in this string. If the
expression does not match any part of the input then the resulting array
has just one element, namely this string.
The limit parameter controls the number of times the
pattern is applied and therefore affects the length of the resulting
array. If the limit n is greater than zero then the pattern
will be applied at most n - 1 times, the array's
length will be no greater than n, and the array's last entry
will contain all input beyond the last matched delimiter. If n
is non-positive then the pattern will be applied as many times as
possible and the array can have any length. If n is zero then
the pattern will be applied as many times as possible, the array can
have any length, and trailing empty strings will be discarded.
The string "boo:and:foo", for example, yields the
following results with these parameters:
Regex
Limit
Result
:
2
{ "boo", "and:foo" }
:
5
{ "boo", "and", "foo" }
:
-2
{ "boo", "and", "foo" }
o
5
{ "b", "", ":and:f", "", "" }
o
-2
{ "b", "", ":and:f", "", "" }
o
0
{ "b", "", ":and:f" }
An invocation of this method of the form
str.split(regex,n)
yields the same result as the expression
This method works as if by invoking the two-argument split method with the given expression and a limit
argument of zero. Trailing empty strings are therefore not included in
the resulting array.
The string "boo:and:foo", for example, yields the following
results with these expressions:
Regex
Result
:
{ "boo", "and", "foo" }
o
{ "b", "", ":and:f" }
Parameters:
regex - the delimiting regular expression
Returns:
the array of strings computed by splitting this string
around matches of the given regular expression
Converts all of the characters in this String to lower
case using the rules of the given Locale. Case mappings rely
heavily on the Unicode specification's character data. Since case
mappings are not always 1:1 char mappings, the resulting String
may be a different length than the original String.
Examples of lowercase mappings are in the following table:
Language Code of Locale
Upper Case
Lower Case
Description
tr (Turkish)
\u0130
\u0069
capital letter I with dot above -> small letter i
tr (Turkish)
\u0049
\u0131
capital letter I -> small letter dotless i
(all)
French Fries
french fries
lowercased all chars in String
(all)
lowercased all chars in String
Parameters:
locale - use the case transformation rules for this locale
Converts all of the characters in this String to lower
case using the rules of the default locale. This is equivalent to calling
toLowerCase(Locale.getDefault()).
Converts all of the characters in this String to upper
case using the rules of the given Locale. Case mappings rely
heavily on the Unicode specification's character data. Since case mappings
are not always 1:1 char mappings, the resulting String may
be a different length than the original String.
Examples of locale-sensitive and 1:M case mappings are in the following table.
Language Code of Locale
Lower Case
Upper Case
Description
tr (Turkish)
\u0069
\u0130
small letter i -> capital letter I with dot above
tr (Turkish)
\u0131
\u0049
small letter dotless i -> capital letter I
(all)
\u00df
\u0053 \u0053
small letter sharp s -> two letters: SS
(all)
Fahrvergnügen
FAHRVERGNÜGEN
Parameters:
locale - use the case transformation rules for this locale
Converts all of the characters in this String to upper
case using the rules of the default locale. This method is equivalent to
toUpperCase(Locale.getDefault()).
Returns a copy of the string, with leading and trailing whitespace
omitted.
If this String object represents an empty character
sequence, or the first and last characters of character sequence
represented by this String object both have codes
greater than '\u0020' (the space character), then a
reference to this String object is returned.
Otherwise, if there is no character with a code greater than
'\u0020' in the string, then a new
String object representing an empty string is created
and returned.
Otherwise, let k be the index of the first character in the
string whose code is greater than '\u0020', and let
m be the index of the last character in the string whose code
is greater than '\u0020'. A new String
object is created, representing the substring of this string that
begins with the character at index k and ends with the
character at index m-that is, the result of
this.substring(k, m+1).
This method may be used to trim
whitespace from the beginning and end
of a string; in fact, it trims all ASCII control characters as well.
Returns:
A copy of this string with leading and trailing white
space removed, or this string if it has no leading or
trailing white space.
a newly allocated character array whose length is the length
of this string and whose contents are initialized to contain
the character sequence represented by this string.
